# translations

es_text: apellido
en_text: surname
source_context: U1_4A
notes:
1. Meaning
It is a noun that means "last name" or "surname."
2. Grammar Breakdown
Part of Speech: Noun.
Gender: Masculine.
Number: Singular.
Because it is a masculine singular noun, it pairs with masculine articles and pronouns:
With a definite article ("the"): el apellido (the last name)
With an indefinite article ("a"): un apellido (a last name)
With a possessive pronoun ("my"): mi apellido (my last name)
Plural Form:
To make it plural, simply add an -s to the end because it ends in a vowel:
los apellidos (the last names)


es_text: argentina
en_text: Argentinian
source_context: U1_3A
notes:
This is proper noun
Demonym (Nationality):
A male from Argentina is argentino.
A female from Argentina is argentina.


es_text: el bailarín
en_text: male dancer
source_context: U5_LEX
tags: d1
gender: Female
notes:
Masculine: Ends in a consonant (-ín). It takes the article el. The written accent mark forces you to punch the final syllable (-rín).

ehl bye-lah-REEN (Male)


es_text: La caña
en_text: The small draught beer
source_context: U2_13A
tags: d1
gender: Female
notes:
Grammar Note: Feminine singular noun. It is the gold standard term for ordering a tap beer at a counter.


es_text: ¿cómo eres?
en_text: what are you like?
source_context: U6_2A
tags: d1
gender: Female
notes:
Grammar Note: Uses the verb ser because it asks about permanent personality or character traits.

Unlike objects or physical locations, this phrase shifts your foundational grammar rules entirely:
¿Cómo (How / What... like): An interrogative adverb. The written accent mark over the o is mandatory because it is acting as a question word.
eres (you are): This is the tú (informal "you") conjugation of the verb ser (to be).
The "Ser" Rule: Spanish has two verbs that mean "to be": estar (for locations and temporary states) and ser (for core identity, characteristics, and personality traits). Because asking "What are you like?" targets a person's intrinsic traits, you must use ser (eres), never estar.
Gender: This question is completely gender-neutral. It stays exactly the same whether you are asking a man or a woman.


es_text: ¿cómo lo tomas?
en_text: how do you take it?
source_context: U7_6B
gender: Female
notes:
The Grammar Breakdown
This phrase swaps the English verb "to take" (tomar) and uses a direct object pronoun to represent the drink.

¿ ? (Inverted Question Marks): Signals the beginning of the question.

Cómo (How): An interrogative adverb. Because it is used to ask a question, it always carries a written accent mark over the first o.
Lo (It): This is a direct object pronoun representing the drink you are talking about. It sits right before the conjugated verb. It is masculine (lo) because everyday drinks like el café, el té, and el mate are all masculine nouns.
Tomas (You take / You drink): This is the present-tense tú (informal "you") conjugation of the regular verb tomar (to take / to drink).

The Verb Shortcut: In Spanish, the verb tomar naturally means both "to take" and "to drink/consume." Because the ending -as strictly belongs to the word tú, you don't even need to say the word "you"—the verb ending does all the heavy lifting!


es_text: Tú pronuncias
en_text: You pronounce
source_context: U0_5A
tags: d1
gender: Female
notes:
Here is a quick profile of this verb:
The Base (Infinitive): Pronunciar (meaning "to pronounce").
The Verb Group: It belongs to the -ar group, which is the first and largest conjugation group in Spanish.
The Stem: If you chop off the -ar ending, you get the stem pronunci-.


es_text: Una compañera de trabajo
en_text: A female coworker
source_context: U1
tags: d1
gender: Female
notes:
This is a very common compound noun phrase used to describe a professional peer:
Compañero (Partner / Companion):
Gender: Masculine (by default ending in -o).
The Feminine Shift: If you are referring to a female coworker, the word shifts cleanly to compañera (ending in -a).
de (of / from): The preposition linking the partner to their specific domain.
trabajo (work / job): A masculine noun (el trabajo). Because it is acting as a noun modifier here, it remains masculine and singular regardless of who you are talking about.
Articles:
Un compañero de trabajo = A (male) coworker
Una compañera de trabajo = A (female) coworker
Grammar Note: Note how the indefinite article (una) and the noun (compañera) both cleanly shift to their feminine forms, while de trabajo stays exactly the same.


es_text: Viajar en autobús
en_text: To travel by bus
source_context: U0_6
tags: d1
gender: Female
notes:
The Grammar Breakdown
En is a preposition. In English, we have distinct words for location based on whether something is inside or on top of something else (in vs. on). Spanish simplifies this by using en for both scenarios. Context tells you which one it means.
Here are the three primary ways you will see it used:
A. Meaning "In" or "Inside" (Location)
When you are talking about being inside a country, city, room, or building.
Vivo en Australia. (I live in Australia.)
El libro está en la mochila. (The book is in the backpack.)
B. Meaning "On" or "On top of" (Surface Location)
When something is resting on a surface.
El ordenador está en la mesa. (The computer is on the table.)
Está en la página 35. (It is on page 35.) 
C. Meaning "By" (Modes of Transportation)
When you talk about how you travel, Spanish uses en where English uses "by."
Viajar en tren. (To travel by train.)
Viajar en autobús. (To travel by bus.)


es_text: No, quiero ese.
en_text: No, I want that one.
source_context: U0_4C
tags: d2
gender: Female
notes:
The Spanish "Distance" Trick
Spanish is unique because it has three different ways to say "this" or "that" depending on how close the object is to you and the person you are talking to:
Este = This one (Right here near me).
Ese = That one (Over there near you, or just a short distance away).
Aquel = That one way over there (Far away from both of us).
So, when you use ese, you are usually pointing to something that is within arm's reach of the person you are talking to, or just slightly out of your own personal space.


es_text: Lo siento por el error
en_text: I'm sorry for the mistake
source_context: U0_6 U5_2B
tags: d2
gender: Female
notes:
A. "Lo siento" (I'm sorry)
While we use it as a fixed phrase for "I'm sorry," the literal grammatical translation is actually "I feel it."
lo: This is a direct object pronoun meaning "it." It represents the situation or the mistake you are apologizing for.
siento: This is the verb sentir (to feel), conjugated in the present tense first-person singular (Yo / I form). Sentir is a stem-changing verb where the e changes to ie in the present tense (which is why sentir becomes siento).
Grammar Note: Because the pronoun lo (it) must come before a conjugated verb in Spanish, the word order looks backward to an English speaker ("It I feel").
B. "Londres" (London)
This is simply the proper Spanish noun for the city of London.
In Spanish grammar, many major world cities have their own historical, translated names (e.g., London becomes Londres, England becomes Inglaterra, and Scotland becomes Escocia).
How it compares to "Lo siento"
If you ever want to say "I am sorry for [something]," you generally add the word por after lo siento. For example:
Lo siento por el error. (I'm sorry for the mistake.)
But when you are speaking directly to a person—or humorously apologizing to a whole city—you just use a comma, exactly like you did: "Lo siento, Londres."


es_text: mucho
en_text: Much, A lot, Many
source_context: U2_11B U2_7B
tags: d1
gender: Female
notes:
mucho 

Mucho is a high-frequency modifier, and its grammatical behavior changes depending entirely on how it is used in a sentence:
As an Adverb (Meaning "A lot" or "Very much"): When mucho modifies a verb, it is completely invariable. It stays exactly as mucho, regardless of who is speaking or what is being discussed.
Example: Trabajo mucho (I work a lot).
As an Adjective (Meaning "Much", "A lot of", or "Many"): When it describes a noun, it behaves like a chameleon. It must change its ending to match both the gender and the quantity of the noun it belongs to:
Mucho (Masculine Singular): Mucho trabajo (A lot of work)
Mucha (Feminine Singular): Mucha playa (A lot of beach)
Muchos (Masculine Plural): Muchos ordenadores (Many computers)
Muchas (Feminine Plural): Muchas opciones (Many options)


es_text: el ordenador
en_text: The computer
source_context: U0_5A
tags: d1
gender: Female
notes:
Grammar Note: Masculine singular noun. The -dor suffix acts as your anchor for the masculine gender.


es_text: No, quiero otra
en_text: No, I want another one, a different one
source_context: U0_2A
tags: d2
gender: Female
notes:
Masculine Singular
In grammar terms, otro can act as either a demonstrative adjective (describing a noun) or a pronoun (standing in for a noun).
Because it is an adjective, it must match the gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) of the noun it is connected to. Otro is the masculine, singular form.
Here are its four variations:
Form
Gender / Number
Example
English Translation
Otro
Masculine Singular
Otro ejercicio
Another / Other exercise
Otra
Feminine Singular
Otra página
Another / Other page
Otros
Masculine Plural
Otros verbos
Other verbs
Otras
Feminine Plural
Otras frases
Other phrases

The Golden Rule: Drop "Un"
One of the most common mistakes English speakers make is trying to translate "another" literally by saying "un otro" (a + other).
In Spanish grammar, you never put an article (un/una) before otro/otra. The word otro inherently means "another" all by itself.
Incorrect: Quiero un otro libro.
Correct: Quiero otro libro. (I want another book.)
A Handy Classroom Phrase
If you want to ask your teacher for a different example or a new task during your lesson, you can use it like this:
"¿Podemos hacer otro ejercicio?" (Can we do another exercise?)


es_text: la página
en_text: the page
source_context: U0_6
tags: d1
gender: Female
notes:
2. The Grammar Breakdown
This phrase consists of a definite article and a noun.
A. Gender and Number
Página is a feminine, singular noun. Because it ends in -a, it follows the classic rule and requires the feminine singular article la ("the") to match it.
B. Matching Adjectives
Any adjective you use to describe the page must also twist to its feminine, singular form to match:
La página completa. (The complete page.)
La página nueva. (The new page.)
La otra página. (The other / another page.)
C. Triggering Verbs (Third-Person Singular)
If "the page" is the subject of your sentence, it triggers the exact same third-person singular verb conjugations as él (he), ella (she), or la actividad.
La página tiene muchos verbos. (The page has many verbs — using tener).
La página está abierta. (The page is open — using estar).
3. Useful Classroom Phrases
You will use this word constantly when navigating a workbook or course materials. Here is how to use it naturally with some of the structural shortcuts you've already learned:
"¿Qué página es?" (¿keh PAH-hee-nah ehss?)
-> What page is it?
"Estamos en la página 10." (ehss-TAH-mohss ehn lah PAH-hee-nah ...)
$\rightarrow$ We are on page 10. (Remember that en handles both "in" and "on"!)
"¿Podríamos ir a otra página?" (¿poh-DREH-ah-mohss eer ah OH-trah PAH-hee-nah?)
->Could we go to another page? (Notice how podríamos sets up the action ir a, which points smoothly to otra página).


es_text: La papelera
en_text: The bin
source_context: U0_5
tags: d1
gender: Female
notes:
Grammar Note: 
Keeping la on the card forces you to treat the gender and the noun as a single, inseparable unit. The ending -era is your permanent visual anchor for a feminine noun.


es_text: poder
en_text: I can or I am able to
source_context: U0_6
tags: d1
gender: Female
notes:
"Poder" is one of the ultimate powerhouse verbs in Spanish. It is an auxiliary (helping) verb that means "to be able to" or, more commonly in English, "can" or "may."
Here is everything you need to master its pronunciation, grammar, and tricky conjugation patterns.
1. How to Pronounce It
To say it naturally, divide it into two clean syllables:
poh-DEHR
po- $\rightarrow$ poh: Keep the "o" short and crisp, like the start of pocket.
-der $\rightarrow$ DEHR: This is the stressed syllable, so give it the most volume. The e sounds like the "e" in met or get. The R at the very end is a single, quick tap of the tongue against the roof of the mouth—not a heavy American "R" or a rolled "RR."
2. The Grammar Breakdown (How it works)
Poder is the base (infinitive) form of the verb. It belongs to the -er verb group.
Its primary grammatical job is to team up with another verb to show ability or permission. The golden rule for using poder in a sentence is a beautiful shortcut:
[Conjugated form of Poder] + [Base/Infinitive of the second verb]
You only have to change (conjugate) poder to match the person speaking. The second action stays exactly as its pure base form. For example:
Puedo estudiar. (I can study.)
Podemos hacer otro ejercicio. (We can do another exercise.)
3. The Conjugation Secret: It's a "Stem-Changer"
When it comes to conjugating poder in the present tense, it has a classic Spanish twist: it is a stem-changing verb (often called a "boot verb").
The stem of the verb is pod-. For most people, the vowel o changes to ue when you conjugate it. However, this change does not happen for the Nosotros (we) form.
Here is how it breaks down for each person:
Subject
Conjugated Form
Pronunciation
English Meaning
Yo (I)
Puedo
PWEH-doh
I can / am able to
Tú (You, informal)
Puedes
PWEH-dehss
You can
Él / Ella / Usted (He/She/You formal)
Puede
PWEH-deh
He/She/You can
Nosotros (We)
Podemos (No change!)
poh-DEH-mohss
We can
Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes (They/You all)
Pueden
PWEH-dehn
They/You all can

Why is it called a "boot verb"? If you draw a line around the forms that change ($Yo$, $Tú$, $Él$, $Ellos$), they shape a boot on a conjugation chart, leaving Nosotros safely on the outside with its original o.
High-Utility Classroom Phrases
Because puede and puedo are so flexible, you can use them to take total control of your next Spanish lesson:
"¿Puedo hablar en inglés?" (PWEH-doh ah-BLAR ehn een-GLEHSS?)
$\rightarrow$ Can I speak in English? (Great for when you are stuck!)
"¿Puedes repetir, por favor?" (PWEH-dehss reh-peh-TEER, pohr fah-VOHR?)
$\rightarrow$ Can you repeat, please?
"¿Podemos ir a otra página?" (poh-DEH-mohss eer ah OH-trah PAH-hee-nah?)
$\rightarrow$ Can we go to another page?


es_text: más ejercicios
en_text: more exercises
source_context: U3_M
notes:
Phonetic Breakdown
mahss eh-hehr-SEE-syohss
Let’s look at each word syllable by syllable:
más $\rightarrow$ mahss
The a is short and open, like the "ah" sound in "father." The accent mark just means you hit this word with a little more volume.
ejercicios $\rightarrow$ eh - hehr - SEE - syohss
e- $\rightarrow$ eh: Sounds like the "e" in the English word "met" or "egg."
-jer- $\rightarrow$ hehr: The Spanish j sounds like a strong English H (like in "home").
-ci- $\rightarrow$ SEE: The letter c followed by an i sounds like an S. This is the stressed syllable, so give it the most emphasis.
-cios $\rightarrow$ syohss: The o is a short, crisp "oh" sound (don't let it drag out into a "w" sound at the end).
Three Tips for Natural Delivery
Keep the "R" Light: The r in ejercicios is a single, quick tap of the tongue against the roof of the mouth. It shouldn't be a heavy, rolling "R," nor should it be a deep American "R." Think of it more like the quick "d" sound in the middle of the English word "butter."
Watch the "J": Remember that in Spanish, J is never pronounced like the "J" in juice. It's always an H sound.
Connect the Flow: In natural speech, native speakers will glide right through the words, making the s at the end of más link smoothly into the e of ejercicios. It ends up sounding almost like one continuous line: "mahss-eh-hehr-SEE-syohss."
Give it a few tries out loud—it’s a great phrase to practice that Spanish J and C combination!


es_text: por favor
en_text: please
source_context: U0_6
tags: d1
gender: Female
notes:
This is the universal baseline phrase for politeness across the entire Spanish-speaking world.
Literal Meaning: It literally translates to "For favor" or "As a favor".
The Component Parts:
Por: A high-frequency preposition that can mean for, by, or through.
Favor: A masculine singular noun meaning favor or kindness.
Gender: Because this is an fixed idiomatic phrase, it functions completely gender-neutrally. It stays exactly the same regardless of who is speaking or who is being addressed.
Sentence Placement: Just like in English, you can place por favor at the very beginning of a request or tag it onto the end of a sentence for polite emphasis.


es_text: porque
en_text: because
source_context: U2_9B
notes:
Porque (Because)
Because it is a single, flat word, the natural rules of Spanish pronunciation take over. For words ending in a vowel, the stress naturally falls on the second-to-last syllable.
The Rhythm: LOUD-short
Sounds like: POR-keh
The voice hits the first part of the word and then trails off softly on the end.


es_text: ¿por qué?
en_text: why?
source_context: U2_9
notes:
Because it is two separate words, both words get a bit of weight, but the heavy emphasis lands squarely on the final syllable.
The Rhythm: short-LOUD
Sounds like: por-KAY?
When you say it, your voice punches that last syllable, often lifting slightly in pitch because it's a question.


es_text: en
en_text: in or on
source_context: U0_6
notes:
En is a preposition. In English, we have distinct words for location based on whether something is inside or on top of something else (in vs. on). Spanish simplifies this by using en for both scenarios. Context tells you which one it means.
Here are the three primary ways you will see it used:


es_text: lo siento Londres
en_text: I'm sorry London
source_context: U0_6 U5_2B
notes:
A. "Lo siento" (I'm sorry)
While we use it as a fixed phrase for "I'm sorry," the literal grammatical translation is actually "I feel it."
lo: This is a direct object pronoun meaning "it." It represents the situation or the mistake you are apologizing for.
siento: This is the verb sentir (to feel), conjugated in the present tense first-person singular (Yo / I form). Sentir is a stem-changing verb where the e changes to ie in the present tense (which is why sentir becomes siento).
Grammar Note: Because the pronoun lo (it) must come before a conjugated verb in Spanish, the word order looks backward to an English speaker ("It I feel").
B. "Londres" (London)
This is simply the proper Spanish noun for the city of London.
In Spanish grammar, many major world cities have their own historical, translated names (e.g., London becomes Londres, England becomes Inglaterra, and Scotland becomes Escocia).


es_text: ¿Podríamos hacer otro ejercicio?
en_text: Could we do another exercise?
source_context: U0_6
notes:
"Podríamos" is a specific, highly useful form of the verb poder (to be able to / can). While podemos means "we can," podríamos shifts the tone slightly to mean "we could" or "we might be able to."
It is the perfect word for making polite suggestions or discussing possibilities in a group or classroom setting.
1. How to Pronounce It
Because this word has an accent mark on the í, you must punch that syllable with the most volume. Break it down into four distinct parts:
poh-DREH-ah-mohss
po- $\rightarrow$ poh: Short and crisp (like the start of pocket).
-drí- $\rightarrow$ DREH: This is the stressed syllable. The R is a single, quick flick of the tongue against the roof of your mouth, immediately sliding into a sharp English "ee" sound.
-a- $\rightarrow$ ah: A very quick, open "ah" sound (like in father).
-mos $\rightarrow$ mohss: Short and flat. Don't let it drag out.
When you put it together, make sure the "DRÍ-a" section doesn't turn into a single blended sound—it is two fast syllables: poh-DREH-ah-mohss.
2. The Grammar Breakdown & Conjugation
Podríamos is the Nosotros (we) form of poder conjugated in the Conditional Tense.
The conditional tense in Spanish is incredibly regular and friendly. Unlike the present tense (where poder is a "boot verb" that changes its stem), the conditional tense doesn't care about boots. It uses a modified base stem and applies the exact same endings to almost every verb.
The Conjugation Pattern for "Could"
To form the conditional for poder, the verb drops its e to become the stem podr-. Then, you simply attach the conditional endings (-ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -ían).
Here is the full conjugation chart for "could":
Subject
Conjugated Form
Pronunciation
English Meaning
Yo (I)
Podría
poh-DREH-ah
I could / would be able to
Tú (You)
Podrías
poh-DREH-ahss
You could
Él / Ella / Usted
Podría
poh-DREH-ah
He / She / You (formal) could
Nosotros (We)
Podríamos
poh-DREH-ah-mohss
We could
Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes
Podrían
poh-DREH-ahn
They / You all could

3. How to Use It in a Sentence
Just like the base verb poder, podríamos is an auxiliary (helping) verb. The golden rule applies perfectly here too:
Podríamos + [Base/Infinitive of the next verb]
You do not need to conjugate the second verb at all. You just leave it in its raw state ending in -ar, -er, or -ir.
Great Phrases for Your Next Lesson
Using podríamos is a great way to politely direct the flow of a class or a practice session:
"¿Podríamos hacer otro ejercicio?" (¿poh-DREH-ah-mohss ah-SEHR OH-troh eh-hehr-SEE-syohss?)
$\rightarrow$ Could we do another exercise?
"Podríamos ir a otra página." (poh-DREH-ah-mohss eer ah OH-trah PAH-hee-nah.)
$\rightarrow$ We could go to another page.
"¿Podríamos hablar más despacio?" (¿poh-DREH-ah-mohss ah-BLAR mahss deh-SPAH-syoh?)
$\rightarrow$ Could we speak more slowly?


es_text: si
en_text: if
source_context: U0
tags: d1
gender: Female
notes:
1. How to Pronounce It
Both words are pronounced exactly the same way. It is one of the easiest sounds for an English speaker:
see
Sounds like: The English words "see," "sea," or the letter "C."
The Secret: Keep it very short, clean, and sharp. Don't let your voice glide or drag it out.
2. The Grammar Breakdown: Si vs. Sí
Because they sound identical, the written accent mark is used entirely to tell their grammatical functions apart:
Sí (with the accent): An adverb meaning "yes."
¿Hablas español? —Sí. (Do you speak Spanish? —Yes.)
Si (without the accent): A conjunction meaning "if" or "whether." It is used to connect conditional clauses.
Si tienes tiempo... (If you have time...)
3. How "Si" Affects Verb Conjugations
In Spanish, the word si (if) sets up a condition. Depending on how likely or realistic that condition is, it triggers different verb conjugations.
For everyday conversation and language lessons, there are two primary patterns you will use:
Pattern A: Real / Likely Situations (Present Tense)
If you are talking about something that is totally possible or standard, you use the regular Present Tense right after si.
Structure: Si + [Present Tense Verb] $\rightarrow$ [Present Tense or Future/Command]
Examples:
Si puedo, voy a la clase. (If I can, I am going to the class.)
Si tienes dudas, pregunta. (If you have doubts, ask.)
Si queremos, podríamos hacer otro ejercicio. (If we want, we could do another exercise.)
Pattern B: Hypothetical / Imaginary Situations (The Past Subjunctive)
If you are talking about an imaginary, unlikely, or contrary-to-fact situation ("If I were rich..." or "If I had more time..."), Spanish grammar requires a special conjugation right after si called the Imperfect Subjunctive (Past Subjunctive).
Structure: Si + [Imperfect Subjunctive Verb] $\rightarrow$ [Conditional Tense Verb]
Examples:
Si pudiera, iría a España. (If I could [but I can't right now], I would go to Spain.)
Si tuviera tiempo, estudiaría más. (If I had time, I would study more.)
Grammar Tip: Notice that the clause starting with si never uses the Conditional tense (podríamos / iría) directly inside it. The conditional always goes in the other half of the sentence, exactly like in English (We don't say "If I would can, I would do it"; we say "If I could, I would do it").


es_text: ir a
en_text: to go to or to be going to
source_context: U0_6
notes:
2. The Grammar Breakdown: The "Immediate Future"
The phrase ir + a has two primary grammatical functions depending on what word comes next:
A. Going to a Physical Place
If you follow ir a with a location, it simply means you are traveling there.
Voy a la clase. (I am going to the class.)
Vamos a España. (We are going to Spain.)
The "AL" Rule: If the location after a is masculine and singular (el), the a and el fuse together into al.
Voy a + el gimnasio $\rightarrow$ Voy al gimnasio. (I am going to the gym.)
B. The Future Shortcut (Ir + a + Infinitive)
If you follow ir a with another verb in its raw base form (infinitive), it creates the phrasal future tense.
[Conjugated form of ir] + a + [Base/Infinitive of the action]
Just like with poder, you only conjugate the verb ir. The second verb stays completely unchanged!
Voy a estudiar. (I am going to study.)
Vamos a hacer otro ejercicio. (We are going to do another exercise.)
3. The Conjugation of "Ir" (Present Tense)
Ir is a highly irregular verb. In the present tense, its spelling changes completely, trading the letter "I" for the letter "V."
Here is the full present-tense conjugation chart for setting up your future sentences:
Subject
Conjugated Form
Pronunciation
English Meaning
Yo (I)
Voy
boy
I go / am going
Tú (You)
Vas
bahss
You go / are going
Él / Ella / Usted
Va
bah
He / She / You (formal) go / are going
Nosotros (We)
Vamos
BAH-mohss
We go / are going
Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes
Van
bahn
They / You all go / are going


es_text: el
en_text: the
source_context: U0_6
notes:
2. The Grammar Breakdown: El vs. Él
The written accent mark on él is used purely to distinguish its grammatical function from el.
A. El (Without the accent) = "The"
This is a definite article. It must always sit right before a masculine, singular noun.
El ejercicio. (The exercise.)
El viaje. (The trip / the journey.)
El verbo. (The verb.)
The "AL" Shortcut: If you put the preposition a (to) right before el, they mandatory-fuse into a single word: al.
Voy a + el gimnasio $\rightarrow$ Voy al gimnasio. (I am going to the gym.)
B. Él (With the accent) = "He"
This is a subject pronoun. It takes the place of a man's name when he is the one performing an action.
Él habla español. (He speaks Spanish.)
Él puede hacerlo. (He can do it.)
3. How "Él" Dictates Verb Conjugations
When you are conjugating any Spanish verb, él lives in the third-person singular category. It always shares its exact verb endings with ella (she) and usted (the formal "you").
When you look at a verb chart, él will always use the form in the middle row on the left side. Here is how it triggers endings across the three regular verb groups in the present tense:
Regular Verb Conjugation Patterns for "Él"
-AR Verbs $\rightarrow$ Drop the -ar and add -a
Base verb: Estudiar (to study) $\rightarrow$ Él estudia (He studies)
-ER Verbs $\rightarrow$ Drop the -er and add -e
Base verb: Aprender (to learn) $\rightarrow$ Él aprende (He learns)
-IR Verbs $\rightarrow$ Drop the -ir and add -e
Base verb: Escribir (to write) $\rightarrow$ Él escribe (He writes)
Irregular Verbs You Use Daily with "Él"
Because él is so common, it's highly useful to know how it pairs with the major irregular verbs:
Él es $\rightarrow$ He is (essential/permanent traits)
Él está $\rightarrow$ He is (location/temporary states)
Él va $\rightarrow$ He goes / He is going
Él tiene $\rightarrow$ He has
Él puede $\rightarrow$ He can / He is able to


es_text: Él puede
en_text: He can or He is able to
source_context: U0_6
notes:
2. The Grammar Breakdown: El vs. Él
The written accent mark on él is used purely to distinguish its grammatical function from el.
A. El (Without the accent) = "The"
This is a definite article. It must always sit right before a masculine, singular noun.
El ejercicio. (The exercise.)
El viaje. (The trip / the journey.)
El verbo. (The verb.)
The "AL" Shortcut: If you put the preposition a (to) right before el, they mandatory-fuse into a single word: al.
Voy a + el gimnasio $\rightarrow$ Voy al gimnasio. (I am going to the gym.)
B. Él (With the accent) = "He"
This is a subject pronoun. It takes the place of a man's name when he is the one performing an action.
Él habla español. (He speaks Spanish.)
Él puede hacerlo. (He can do it.)
3. How "Él" Dictates Verb Conjugations
When you are conjugating any Spanish verb, él lives in the third-person singular category. It always shares its exact verb endings with ella (she) and usted (the formal "you").
When you look at a verb chart, él will always use the form in the middle row on the left side. Here is how it triggers endings across the three regular verb groups in the present tense:
Regular Verb Conjugation Patterns for "Él"
-AR Verbs $\rightarrow$ Drop the -ar and add -a
Base verb: Estudiar (to study) $\rightarrow$ Él estudia (He studies)
-ER Verbs $\rightarrow$ Drop the -er and add -e
Base verb: Aprender (to learn) $\rightarrow$ Él aprende (He learns)
-IR Verbs $\rightarrow$ Drop the -ir and add -e
Base verb: Escribir (to write) $\rightarrow$ Él escribe (He writes)
Irregular Verbs You Use Daily with "Él"
Because él is so common, it's highly useful to know how it pairs with the major irregular verbs:
Él es -> He is (essential/permanent traits)
Él está -> He is (location/temporary states)
Él va -> He goes / He is going
Él tiene -> He has
Él puede -> He can / He is able to


es_text: la actividad
en_text: the activity
source_context: U0_6
notes:
2. The Grammar Breakdown
This phrase consists of a definite article and a noun.
A. The Article: "La"
Because actividad is a feminine noun, it requires the feminine singular definite article la ("the") to match it.
B. The Noun Trick: Words Ending in "-dad"
Actividad is a feminine, singular noun. In Spanish, there is a golden rule for vocabulary that saves a massive amount of memorization:
Almost every Spanish noun that ends in the suffix "-dad" is feminine, and it almost always translates to an English word ending in "-ty".
Think of -dad as the exact twin to the English -ty. For example:
La actividad $\rightarrow$ The activity
La universidad $\rightarrow$ The university
La capacidad $\rightarrow$ The capacity / ability
La reciprocidad $\rightarrow$ The reciprocity
3. How "La Actividad" Controls Other Words
Even though it isn't a verb, la actividad dictates how the adjectives and verbs around it must behave:
Matching Adjectives (Gender & Number)
Any adjective you use to describe the activity must also be feminine and singular to match.
La actividad completa. (The complete activity.)
La actividad nueva. (The new activity.)
Triggering Verbs (Third-Person Singular)
If "the activity" is the subject doing an action in a sentence, it triggers the exact same third-person singular verb conjugations as él (he), ella (she), or usted (you, formal).
La actividad es difícil. (The activity is difficult — using ser).
La actividad empieza ahora. (The activity starts now — using empezar).
Plural Form
If you want to talk about multiple activities, both the article and the noun must become plural. For nouns ending in -dad, you simply add -es:
Las actividades (lahss ahk-tee-bee-DAH-dehss) $\rightarrow$ The activities.


es_text: Esto
en_text: this
source_context: U0_6
notes:
It is a neuter pronoun
2. The Grammar Breakdown: The Neuter Superpower
In Spanish, almost everything is strictly masculine or feminine. However, esto is one of the rare neuter words in the language.
Because it is neutral, it is used exclusively as a pronoun to represent abstract ideas, situations, concepts, or an object that you don't know the name or gender of yet.
The Golden Rule: It Never Sits Before a Noun
You can never use esto directly before a noun. If you want to say "this book" or "this page," you must use the gender-specific adjectives (este or esta):
Este libro (This book — masculine)
Esta página (This page — feminine)
You use esto when you are referring to a whole situation, an unnamed object, or a general concept:
¿Qué es esto? (What is this? — pointing to an unknown object or a messy situation).
Esto es importante. (This is important — referring to a concept or a piece of information).
3. How "Esto" Triggers Verb Conjugations
Whenever esto acts as the subject of a sentence ("This is...", "This helps..."), it always triggers the third-person singular verb conjugation. This is the exact same row on a verb chart used for él (he), ella (she), la página, or la actividad.
Here is how it pairs with common verbs you use to describe situations or tasks:
Common Verb Pairings
With "Ser" (To be — essential traits):
Esto es fácil. (This is easy.)
Esto es nuevo. (This is new.)
With "Estar" (To be — location/states):
Esto está bien. (This is fine / This is okay.)
With "Poder" (Can / To be able to):
Esto puede ayudar. (This can help.)
With "Significar" (To mean):
¿Qué significa esto? (What does this mean?)
A Handy Phrase for Your Studies
If you are looking at a complex grammar concept or a specific sentence layout and want to check if you can use it, you can ask your teacher:
"¿Puedo decir esto?" (¿PWEH-doh deh-SEER ESS-toh?)
-> Can I say this?


es_text: Pensar
en_text: To think
source_context: U0_6
notes:
I2. The Grammar Breakdown: The Past Continuous
This phrase uses a grammatical structure called the Past Continuous (or Past Progressive). It describes an action that was ongoing or in progress at a specific point in the past.
It is constructed using a two-word formula:
[Imperfect Past Tense of ESTAR] + [The Gerund (-ing form) of the main verb]
A. The First Word: Estaba
This is the verb estar (to be) conjugated into the Imperfect Past Tense. The imperfect tense is used in Spanish to describe ongoing past actions, background settings, or habits without a sharp beginning or end.
B. The Second Word: Pensando
This is the gerund (the "-ing" form) of the base verb pensar (to think). To make a gerund for any regular -ar verb, you simply drop the -ar and add -ando:
Pensar (To think) $\rightarrow$ Pensando (Thinking)
Hablar (To speak) $\rightarrow$ Hablando (Speaking)
Estudiar (To study) ->Estudiando (Studying)
The Golden Rule: The gerund (pensando) never changes. Whether you, we, or they were thinking, pensando stays exactly the same. Only the first word (estar) twists to match the person.
3. How to Conjugate the Whole Phrase
To change who was doing the thinking, you only need to alter the conjugation of estar in the imperfect tense.
Here is the full conjugation chart for the phrase:
Subject
Conjugated Form
Pronunciation
English Meaning
Yo (I)
Estaba pensando
ehss-TAH-bah...
I was thinking
Tú (You)
Estabas pensando
ehss-TAH-bahss...
You were thinking
Él / Ella / Usted
Estaba pensando
ehss-TAH-bah...
He/She/You (formal) were thinking
Nosotros (We)
Estábamos pensando
ehss-TAH-bah-mohss...
We were thinking
Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes
Estaban pensando
ehss-TAH-bahn...
They/You all were thinking

Grammar Note: Notice that the Yo form and the Él/Ella form use the exact same word: estaba. Context usually makes it clear who is speaking, but you can always add the pronoun ("Yo estaba pensando...") if you want to be explicitly clear.
Also, notice that the Nosotros form (estábamos) gains an accent mark on the first á, which shifts the stress forward: ehss-TAH-bah-mohss.
High-Utility Examples for Your Studies
You can use this phrase to smoothly transition into a suggestion, a question, or a correction in class:
Estaba pensando en esto.
->I was thinking about this. (Note: Spanish uses en after pensar to mean "thinking about" something).
Estaba pensando... ¿podríamos hacer otro ejercicio?
$\rightarrow$ I was thinking... could we do another exercise?
Estábamos pensando en ir a otra página.
->We were thinking about going to another page.


es_text: la silla
en_text: the chair
source_context: U0_6
notes:
2. The Grammar Breakdown
This phrase consists of a definite article and a noun.
A. Gender and Number
Silla is a feminine, singular noun. Because it ends in the letter -a, it follows the classic gender rule and pairs with the feminine singular definite article la ("the").
B. Matching Adjectives
Any descriptive word or adjective you use with the chair must also twist into its feminine, singular form to match. Notice how the demonstrative words you looked at earlier adapt perfectly to it:
Esta silla. (This chair.)
Esa silla. (That chair.)
Otra silla. (Another chair.)
La silla nueva. (The new chair.)
C. Triggering Verbs (Third-Person Singular)
If "the chair" is the subject of your sentence, it triggers the exact same third-person singular verb conjugations as él (he), ella (she), or esto (this).
La silla es cómoda. (The chair is comfortable — using ser for an inherent trait).
La silla está en la clase. (The chair is in the classroom — using estar for location).
3. Plural Form
If you need to talk about more than one chair, both the article and the noun must become plural. Because silla ends in a vowel, you simply add an -s:
Las sillas (lahss SEE-yahss) ->The chairs
Necesitamos otras sillas. (We need other chairs.)
Esas sillas son viejas. (Those chairs are old.)


es_text: Este proyector
en_text: This projector
source_context: U0_6
notes:
2. The Grammar Breakdown
This phrase consists of a definite article and a noun.
A. Gender and Number
Proyector is a masculine, singular noun. In Spanish, most nouns that end in a consonant—especially those ending in -or (like doctor, pastor, or proyector)—are masculine. Therefore, it requires the masculine singular definite article el ("the").
B. Matching Adjectives
Any descriptive or demonstrative word you use with the projector must twist into its masculine, singular form to match it perfectly:
Este proyector. (This projector.)
Ese proyector. (That projector.)
Otro proyector. (Another projector.)
El proyector nuevo. (The new projector.)
C. Triggering Verbs (Third-Person Singular)
If "the projector" is the subject of your sentence, it triggers the exact same third-person singular verb conjugations as él (he), la página, or esto (this).
El proyector es moderno. (The projector is modern — using ser for an inherent trait).
El proyector no funciona. (The projector doesn't work — using funcionar).
3. Plural Form: "The Projectors"
If you need to talk about more than one projector, both the article and the noun must become plural. Because proyector ends in a consonant, you make it plural by adding -es:
Los proyectores (lohss proh-yehk-TOH-rehss) $\rightarrow$ The projectors
Notice that when you add the extra syllable to make it plural, the vocal stress stays on the same part of the root word, shifting the balance to: proh-yehk-TOH-rehss.
Estos proyectores son nuevos. (These projectors are new.)


es_text: La papelera está allá
en_text: The bin is over there
source_context: U0_5
tags: d2, phrase
gender: Female
notes:
Pronunciation: lah pah-peh-LEH-rah ehss-TAH ah-YAH
Grammar Note: This locks in está for physical location. Because the location is far away from both you and the person you are speaking to, you use allá.


es_text: La papelera está debajo del escritorio
en_text: The bin is under the desk.
source_context: U0_5
tags: d3, phrase
gender: Female
notes:
This card does a massive amount of heavy lifting for your progress because it introduces two major linguistic mechanics at once:
Mesa vs. Escritorio: You are perfectly expanding your vocabulary here. While una mesa is a general table (like a dining table), el escritorio specifically implies a work surface, a study space, or a teacher's desk. It comes from the verb escribir (to write).
The "Del" Contraction: Notice that we say del escritorio instead of de el escritorio. In Spanish, when the preposition de (of/from) hits the masculine article el (the), they mandatory-fuse together into a single word:
de + el  ->del
(Note: This contraction only happens with masculine nouns. For a feminine noun, it stays separate: "debajo de la mesa").
Using this exact step-by-step ladder creates a fantastic framework for your daily learning blocks. Would you like to map out a matching three-step card ladder for another common item in your text, like la pizarra (the whiteboard) or la mochila (the backpack)?


es_text: La pizarra está detrás del escritorio
en_text: The whiteboard is behind the teacher's desk.
source_context: U0_5
tags: d3, phrase
gender: Female
notes:
Pronunciation: ...deh-TRAHSS dehl ehss-kree-TOH-ryoh

This card completes your spatial layout by introducing a crucial new direction word while testing your previous contraction rule:
Detrás de (Behind): This is the natural opposite of debajo de (under). Just like debajo, it requires the word de right after it to link to an object (detrás de...).
The "Del" Reinforcement: Because you are using the masculine escritorio from your previous card deck, de + el instantly fuses into del once again.
Now, your brain is tracking a complete classroom scene: the bin is under the desk (debajo del), and the whiteboard (with the pizza on it!) is behind the desk (detrás del).


es_text: El proyector
en_text: The projector
source_context: U0_5
tags: d1
gender: Female
notes:
Pronunciation: 
proh-yek-TOR (Punch the final syllable hard).
Grammar: 
Masculine singular (Nouns ending in consonants like -tor are masculine).


es_text: El bolígrafo
en_text: The pen
source_context: U0_5
tags: d1
gender: Female
notes:
Pronunciation: boh-LEE-grah-foh 
(The accent mark tells you to punch the LEE).
Grammar: 
Masculine singular.


es_text: El bolígrafo está a la derecha del libro.
en_text: The pen is to the right of the book.
source_context: U0_5
tags: d3, phrase
gender: Female
notes:
Vocabulary Bonus: A la derecha de (To the right of).
 
Reinforces your contraction rule: de + el libro ->del libro.


es_text: ¿Dónde se encuentra el protagonista en cada una de las viñetas?
en_text: Where is the protagonist located in each one of the vignettes / comic panels?"
source_context: U1_2
tags: phrase
gender: Female
notes:
1. How to Pronounce It
¿DOHN-deh seh ehn-KWEHN-trah ehl proh-tah-goh-NEESS-tah ehn KAH-dah OO-nah deh lahss bee-NYEH-tahss?
¿Dónde se encuentra... $\rightarrow$ DOHN-deh seh ehn-KWEHN-trah: The primary vocal stress hits DOHN and KWEHN.
viñetas $\rightarrow$ bee-NYEH-tahss: The v makes a soft "b" sound, and the ñ makes a "ny" sound (like the "ny" in canyon).
2. The Grammar Breakdown
This sentence introduces a beautiful, slightly more advanced way to ask where something is located.
¿Dónde (Where): An interrogative adverb. Because it is asking a question, it requires a written accent mark over the o.
se encuentra (Is located / Finds themselves): This is a reflexive verb combination using encontrarse (to find oneself / to be located).
se $\rightarrow$ The third-person reflexive pronoun.
encuentra $\rightarrow$ The third-person singular present tense conjugation of encontrar.
el protagonista (the protagonist / main character): The subject of the sentence. Interestingly, protagonista is a gender-neutral noun ending in -ista. The gender is determined entirely by the article before it (el for a male protagonist, la for a female protagonist).
en (in / on / at): A standard preposition.
cada una (each one): Cada means "each" or "every." It is invariable (it doesn't change for gender). It is paired with una (one) to form "each one."
de (of / from): Preposition showing relationship.
las viñetas (the vignettes / cartoon panels / illustrations): A feminine plural noun (las). In the context of a text or a comic strip, a viñeta specifically refers to a single square panel or frame.
3. The "Why Encontrarse?" Rule
You might notice that instead of using the simple verb está (is), this sentence uses se encuentra.
Both are grammatically perfect for asking about location, but they carry a slightly different tone:
¿Dónde está el protagonista...? $\rightarrow$ "Where is the protagonist...?" (Simple, direct, everyday speech).
¿Dónde se encuentra el protagonista...? $\rightarrow$ "Where is the protagonist located...?" / "Where does the protagonist find themselves...?"
Using se encuentra is very common in reading comprehension questions, academic exercises, or formal literature. It adds a polished, advanced layer to your spatial vocabulary!


es_text: La tableta está a la izquierda del ordenador.
en_text: The tablet is to the left of the computer.
source_context: U0_5
tags: d3, phrase
gender: Female
notes:
Vocabulary Bonus: A la izquierda de (To the left of). 
Combines with el ordenador to trigger the del contraction.


es_text: El ordenador
en_text: The computer
source_context: U0_5
tags: d1
gender: Female
notes:
Pronunciation: or-deh-nah-DOR (Punch the DOR at the end. 
This is the standard term in Spain; Latin America uses la computadora).
Grammar: Masculine singular.


es_text: El estuche
en_text: The pencil case
source_context: U0_5
tags: d1
gender: Female
notes:
Pronunciation: ehss-TOO-cheh
Grammar: 
Masculine singular (Nouns ending in -e are often masculine, so keeping el on the card is vital here).


es_text: El cuaderno
en_text: The notebook
source_context: U0_5
tags: d1
gender: Female
notes:
Pronunciation: kwah-DER-noh 
(The cua makes a quick English "wa" sound).
Grammar: 
Masculine singular.


es_text: El cuaderno está lejos de la pizarra.
en_text: The notebook is far from the whiteboard.
source_context: U0_5
tags: d3, phrase
gender: Female
notes:
Vocabulary Bonus: Lejos de (Far from). 
Stays de la because pizarra (your pizza board!) is feminine.


es_text: Al lado de
en_text: Next to or Beside
source_context: U0_5
tags: d1
gender: Female
notes:
This words are prepositions (and prepositional phrases)—they are location words that show the physical relationship between two objects, not actions (verbs).

When you make these cards, you can keep the preposition completely separate from the nouns so that you can reuse them anywhere. Let's strip away the specific classroom nouns (del / de la) so you have a clean, pure list of prepositions for your deck:

Pronunciation:
ahl LAH-doh deh


es_text: Detrás de
en_text: Behind
source_context: U0_5
tags: d1
gender: Female
notes:
This words are prepositions (and prepositional phrases)—they are location words that show the physical relationship between two objects, not actions (verbs).

When you make these cards, you can keep the preposition completely separate from the nouns so that you can reuse them anywhere. Let's strip away the specific classroom nouns (del / de la) so you have a clean, pure list of prepositions for your deck:

Pronunciation:
deh-TRAHSS deh


es_text: Delante de
en_text: In front of
source_context: U0_5
tags: d1
gender: Female
notes:
This words are prepositions (and prepositional phrases)—they are location words that show the physical relationship between two objects, not actions (verbs). 
  
When you make these cards, you can keep the preposition completely separate from the nouns so that you can reuse them anywhere. Let's strip away the specific classroom nouns (del / de la) so you have a clean, pure list of prepositions for your deck: 
  
Pronunciation: 
deh-LAHN-teh deh


es_text: Encima de
en_text: On top of or Above
source_context: U0_5
tags: d1
gender: Female
notes:
This words are prepositions (and prepositional phrases)—they are location words that show the physical relationship between two objects, not actions (verbs). 
  
When you make these cards, you can keep the preposition completely separate from the nouns so that you can reuse them anywhere. Let's strip away the specific classroom nouns (del / de la) so you have a clean, pure list of prepositions for your deck: 
  
Pronunciation: 
ehn-SEE-mah deh


es_text: Dentro de
en_text: Inside
source_context: U0_5
tags: d1
gender: Female
notes:
This words are prepositions (and prepositional phrases)—they are location words that show the physical relationship between two objects, not actions (verbs). 
  
When you make these cards, you can keep the preposition completely separate from the nouns so that you can reuse them anywhere. Let's strip away the specific classroom nouns (del / de la) so you have a clean, pure list of prepositions for your deck: 
  
Pronunciation: 
DEHN-troh deh


es_text: A la derecha de
en_text: To the right of
source_context: U0_5
tags: d1
gender: Female
notes:
This words are prepositions (and prepositional phrases)—they are location words that show the physical relationship between two objects, not actions (verbs). 
  
When you make these cards, you can keep the preposition completely separate from the nouns so that you can reuse them anywhere. Let's strip away the specific classroom nouns (del / de la) so you have a clean, pure list of prepositions for your deck: 
  
Pronunciation: 
ah lah deh-REH-chah deh


es_text: A la izquierda de
en_text: To the left of
source_context: U0_5
tags: d1
gender: Female
notes:
This words are prepositions (and prepositional phrases)—they are location words that show the physical relationship between two objects, not actions (verbs). 
  
When you make these cards, you can keep the preposition completely separate from the nouns so that you can reuse them anywhere. Let's strip away the specific classroom nouns (del / de la) so you have a clean, pure list of prepositions for your deck: 
  
Pronunciation: 
ah lah eeth-KYER-dah deh


es_text: Entre
en_text: Between
source_context: U0_5
tags: d1
gender: Female
notes:
This words are prepositions (and prepositional phrases)—they are location words that show the physical relationship between two objects, not actions (verbs). 
  
When you make these cards, you can keep the preposition completely separate from the nouns so that you can reuse them anywhere. Let's strip away the specific classroom nouns (del / de la) so you have a clean, pure list of prepositions for your deck: 
  
Pronunciation: 
EHN-treh


es_text: Cerca de
en_text: Near
source_context: U0_5
tags: d1
gender: Female
notes:
This words are prepositions (and prepositional phrases)—they are location words that show the physical relationship between two objects, not actions (verbs). 
  
When you make these cards, you can keep the preposition completely separate from the nouns so that you can reuse them anywhere. Let's strip away the specific classroom nouns (del / de la) so you have a clean, pure list of prepositions for your deck: 
  
Pronunciation: 
THER-kah deh


es_text: Lejos de
en_text: Far from
source_context: U0_5
tags: d1
gender: Female
notes:
This words are prepositions (and prepositional phrases)—they are location words that show the physical relationship between two objects, not actions (verbs). 
  
When you make these cards, you can keep the preposition completely separate from the nouns so that you can reuse them anywhere. Let's strip away the specific classroom nouns (del / de la) so you have a clean, pure list of prepositions for your deck: 
  
Pronunciation: 
LEH-hoss deh


es_text: La decoración
en_text: The decoration
source_context: QrooPaul
tags: d1
gender: Female
notes:
1. The Grammar & Gender Breakdown
Gender: Feminine
The Article: La (Feminine singular article)
The Blueprint Rule: This word ends in -ción. This is one of the most reliable visual shortcuts in the entire Spanish language! Almost every single noun that ends in "-ción" or "-sión" is strictly feminine.
Because it is feminine, it will always take the article la (or una for "a decoration").
2. How to Pronounce It
lah deh-koh-rah-THYOHN (Spain)
lah deh-koh-rah-SYOHN (Latin America)
de-ko-ra- $\rightarrow$ deh-koh-rah: Short, crisp vowels.
-ción $\rightarrow$ SYOHN / THYOHN: The written accent mark over the ó tells you that you must punch the final syllable with the heaviest vocal emphasis.
3. The Vocabulary Shift (Object vs. Action)
Depending on how you use it in your texts, the word can shift slightly in meaning:
As a general concept or action: Me gusta la decoración de la clase. (I like the classroom's decoration/decor.)
As an individual physical object: If you are talking about a specific piece of decoration (like a poster or a hanging ornament in a room), Spanish speakers often use the word el adorno (masculine).

Pronunciation: deh-koh-rah-SYOHN
Grammar Note: The -ción ending acts as your permanent shortcut flag telling you this noun is strictly feminine, requiring la. The accent mark forces you to punch that final syllable.


es_text: La decoración está allá.
en_text: The decoration is over there.
source_context: QrooPaul
tags: d2
gender: Female
notes:
Pronunciation: lah deh-koh-rah-SYOHN ehss-TAH ah-YAH
Grammar Note: Re-anchors your target location verb (está) alongside allá to point across the room.


es_text: La decoración está sobre la pizarra.
en_text: The decoration is on the whiteboard
source_context: QrooPaul
tags: d3
gender: Female
notes:
Pronunciation: ...SOH-breh lah pee-SAH-rah

This card completes a beautifully self-contained review loop by testing your memory of a previous visual anchor:
Sobre (On / Over / Upon): This is a brilliant, short preposition to learn. While encima de means "on top of," sobre is a clean, single-word alternative that means "on" or "resting on the surface of."
The Pizza Connection: Because you are using la pizarra here, your brain instantly recalls that giant piece of pizza glued to the center of the whiteboard from your earlier visual anchor card! Because pizarra is feminine, it cleanly stays de la / sobre la with zero contraction trickery required.


es_text: La elevación
en_text: The elevation
source_context: QrooPaul
tags: d1
gender: Female
notes:
this word ends in -ción. It follows your exact structural shortcut: all nouns ending in "-ción" are feminine and take la.

Grammar Note: Feminine singular noun. The written accent mark explicitly tells you where the vocal stress lands.


es_text: La continuación está allá.
en_text: The continuation is over there.
source_context: QrooPaul
tags: d2
gender: Female
notes:
Grammar Note: Reuses your anchor verb está for physical location, paired with allá to point down the line.


es_text: La continuación está después del camino.
en_text: The continuation is after the path.
source_context: QrooPaul
tags: d3
gender: Female
notes:
Pronunciation: ...dehss-PWEHSS dehl kah-MEE-noh

This card introduces a vital new logical step for your tracking toolkit:
Después de (After): A crucial sequential preposition. It is the natural opposite of antes de (before).
The "Del" Contraction: Because camino (path/road/way) is a masculine noun (el camino), the prepositional de automatically fuses with el to form del camino.


es_text: La confirmación
en_text: The confirmation
source_context: QrooPaul
tags: d1
gender: Female
notes:
Grammar Note: Feminine singular noun. The -ción ending acts as your permanent anchor for the feminine gender.


es_text: La confirmación está allá.
en_text: The confirmation is over there.
source_context: QrooPaul
tags: d2
gender: Female
notes:
Grammar Note: Re-anchors your target location verb (está) alongside allá to point across to a specific spot or screen.


es_text: La confirmación está dentro del correo.
en_text: The confirmation is inside the email.
source_context: QrooPaul
tags: d3
gender: Female
notes:
Pronunciation: ...DEHN-troh dehl koh-RREH-oh

This card reinforces your structural foundations beautifully while giving you a fresh everyday noun:
Dentro de (Inside of): Reuses the spatial preposition you practiced earlier, cementing your ability to describe an item being inside a digital or physical container.
The "Del" Contraction: Because correo (email/mail) is a masculine noun (el correo), the prepositional de automatically fuses with el to form del correo.


es_text: La especulación
en_text: The speculation
source_context: QrooPaul
tags: d1
gender: Female
notes:
In Spanish, words never start with a pure, bare "S" sound followed by another consonant (like the "sp" in speculation). Because of this rule, Spanish automatically adds a protective "E" to the very front of the word.
lah ess-peh-koo-lah-SYOHN (Latin America) 
lah ess-peh-koo-lah-THYOHN (Spain)
Grammar Note: Feminine singular noun. Notice that protective initial E- (especulación) and the standard -ción ending.


es_text: La especulación está allá.
en_text: The speculation is over there.
source_context: QrooPaul
tags: d2
gender: Female
notes:
Grammar Note: Keeps your solid baseline intact using está and allá to point out a document or an article across the room.


es_text: La especulación está acerca del mercado.
en_text: The speculation is about the market.
source_context: QrooPaul
tags: d3
gender: Female
notes:
Pronunciation: ...ah-THER-kah dehl mahr-KAH-doh

This card introduces a vital structural tool for connecting abstract concepts to concrete things:
Acerca de (About / Concerning / Regarding): This is the ultimate prepositional phrase for linking ideas, papers, or conversations to a topic. Just like your spatial prepositions, it requires de at the tail end.
The "Del" Contraction: Because mercado (market) is a masculine noun (el mercado), the prepositional de automatically fuses with el to form del mercado.


es_text: La estación
en_text: The station
source_context: QrooPaul
tags: d1
gender: Female
notes:
Grammar Note: Feminine singular noun. The -ción family ending locks in the feminine gender automatically.


es_text: La estación está allá.
en_text: The station is over there.
source_context: QrooPaul
tags: d2
gender: Female
notes:
Grammar Note: Reuses está for physical location and allá to indicate a distant point down the track.


es_text: La estación está al final del camino.
en_text: The station is at the end of the path.
source_context: QrooPaul
tags: d3
gender: Female
notes:
Pronunciation: ...ahl fee-NAHL dehl kah-MEE-noh

This card combines two brilliant structural shortcuts you have already seen:
Al final de (At the end of): A critical directional phrase for maps or treks. Notice how a + el automatically fuses into al at the front of this phrase (al final).
The "Del" Contraction: Because camino is masculine (el camino), the trailing preposition de fuses into del (del camino).


es_text: La recomendación está allá.
en_text: The recommendation is over there.
source_context: QrooPaul
tags: d2
gender: Female
notes:
Grammar Note: Re-uses your standard baseline layout using está for physical location and allá to point out a document, note, or screen across the room.


es_text: La recomendación está dentro del cuaderno.
en_text: The recommendation is inside the notebook.
source_context: QrooPaul
tags: d3
gender: Female
notes:
Pronunciation: ...DEHN-troh dehl kwah-DER-noh

This card smoothly tests your growing vocabulary network by looping back to a noun you practiced earlier:
Dentro de (Inside of): Reinforces this essential spatial preposition for your toolkit.
The "Del" Contraction: Because you are using cuaderno (el cuaderno), your brain hits the automatic, smooth contraction rule: de + el effortlessly fuses into del.


es_text: La comunicación está allá.
en_text: The communication is over there.
source_context: QrooPaul
tags: d2
gender: Female
notes:
Grammar Note: Reuses está for physical or localized presence and allá to indicate a specific point or screen across the room.


es_text: La comunicación está entre el ordenador y la tableta.
en_text: The communication is between the computer and the tablet.
source_context: QrooPaul
tags: d3
gender: Female
notes:
Pronunciation: ...EHN-treh ehl or-deh-nah-DOR ee lah tah-BLEH-tah

This card elegantly practices a preposition that behaves differently from the others in your deck:
Entre (Between): This is a beautifully clean preposition because it does not use the word "de".
No Contraction Needed: Because entre stands completely alone, your brain gets a break! You simply state the nouns exactly as they are: entre el ordenador y la tableta. No del or de la required.


es_text: El cajero está al lado del banco.
en_text: The cash machine is next to the bank.
tags: d3
gender: Female
notes:
Pronunciation: ...ahl LAH-doh dehl BAHN-koh

This card elegantly stacks two distinct "fused" grammar rules that you've seen across your decks, making them completely automatic:
Al lado de (Next to / Beside): A critical spatial preposition. Notice how it naturally contains de at the tail end.
The Double Fusing Rule:
The phrase starts with a + el, which fuses into al (al lado).
Because banco is masculine (el banco), the trailing de + el fuses into del (del banco).


es_text: La bailarina
en_text: female dancer
source_context: U5
tags: d1
gender: Female
notes:
Feminine: Ends in the classic -a. It takes the article la, and the vocal stress naturally moves to the second-to-last syllable (-RI-na).

lah bye-lah-REE-nah (Female)

Note: The initial bai- slides together like the English word "by" or "buy".


es_text: La caña está allá.
en_text: The small draught beer is over there.
source_context: U2
tags: d2
gender: Female
notes:
Grammar Note: Uses your standard baseline layout. Because it is a physical item placed on a surface, it uses the location verb está combined with allá.


es_text: La caña está al fondo del bar.
en_text: The small draught beer is at the back of the bar.
source_context: U2
tags: d3
gender: Female
notes:
Pronunciation: ...ahl FOHN-doh dehl bahr

This card elegantly combines two distinct structural "fusing" rules that keep your sentences moving fluidly:
Al fondo de (At the back of / At the far end of): A highly useful spatial phrase for navigating indoor venues, buildings, or corridors. Notice how a + el automatically compresses into al at the front (al fondo).
The "Del" Contraction: Because bar is a masculine noun (el bar), the trailing preposition de seamlessly fuses with the article to form del bar.


es_text: Es tarde.
en_text: It is late
source_context: U0
tags: d2
gender: Female
notes:
Grammar Note: Shifting to the adverb. Notice that telling the time or stating a condition of time uses the verb ser (es), not estar.


es_text: Es tarde para encontrar la bicicleta fuera del taller.
en_text: It is late to find the bicycle outside the workshop.
source_context: U0
tags: d3
gender: Female
notes:
Pronunciation: ehss TAHR-deh PAH-rah ehn-kohn-TRAHR lah bee-thee-KLEH-tah FWEH-rah dehl tah-YEHR

This card elegantly stitches together several core components you've been building:
Para (For / To): Introduces the preposition para to connect the time condition (es tarde) directly to an action.
The Complete Environment: Stacks your helper verb (encontrar), your feminine noun (la bicicleta), your external spatial phrase (fuera de), and your masculine contraction (del taller) into one highly fluent tracking sentence.


es_text: El ordenador está encima de la mesa.
en_text: The computer is on top of the table.
source_context: U0
tags: d3
gender: Female
notes:
Pronunciation: ...ehn-THEE-mah deh lah MEH-sah (Spain) / ...ehn-SEE-mah... (LatAm)

This card elegantly balances out your previous deck's mechanics:
Encima de (On top of / Above): The exact vertical counterpart to debajo de (underneath). It requires de to anchor to its target.
No Contraction Needed: Because mesa is a strictly feminine noun (la mesa), the preposition de stands entirely separate from the article: de la mesa. This lets your brain practice the structural clean break without forcing a contraction!


es_text: La playa está allá.
en_text: The beach is over there.
source_context: U0
tags: d2
gender: Female
notes:
Grammar Note: Uses está (from the verb estar) to track its geographic position, paired with your distant spatial indicator allá.


es_text: La playa está al final de la estación.
en_text: The beach is at the end of the station.
source_context: U0
tags: d3
gender: Female
notes:
Pronunciation: ...ahl fee-NAHL deh lah ess-tah-SYOHN

This card lets your brain practice an essential structural path-finding phrase while testing your article contractions:
Al final de (At the end of): A critical directional phrase for tracking a route, a road, or a long physical structure. Notice how a + el automatically compresses into al at the front boundary (al final).
No Contraction Needed: Because estación is a strictly feminine noun (la estación), the trailing preposition de stands completely separate: de la estación. Your brain gets high-value practice switching off the contraction reflex when encountering a feminine target!


es_text: Puedo encontrar la playa.
en_text: I can find the beach.
source_context: U0
tags: d2
gender: Female
notes:
Grammar Note: Classic helper setup. Puedo is conjugated, so the secondary verb encontrar (to find) stays in its raw infinitive form, followed by your feminine noun la playa.


es_text: Puedo encontrar la playa al final de la estación.
en_text: I can find the beach at the end of the station.
source_context: U0
tags: d3
gender: Female
notes:
Pronunciation: PWEH-doh ehn-kohn-TRAHR lah PLAH-yah ahl fee-NAHL deh lah ess-tah-SYOHN

This card forces your brain to execute a long structural chain smoothly:
The Double Verb Launch: Transitioning cleanly from a conjugated helper (puedo) into an action (encontrar).
Spatial Layering: Stacking your feminine noun agreement (la playa) right beside your path-finding preposition (al final de) and your non-contracted feminine target (la estación).


es_text: ¿En qué puedo ayudarla, por favor?
en_text: How can I help you, please? (Formal, addressing a woman)
source_context: U0
tags: d2
gender: Female
notes:
Grammar Note: Appends your courtesy anchor cleanly onto the end of your professional customer service inquiry.


es_text: Podríamos encontrar la bicicleta fuera del taller, por favor.
en_text: We could find the bicycle outside the workshop, please.
source_context: U0
tags: d3
gender: Female
notes:
Pronunciation: poh-DREE-ah-mohs ehn-kohn-TRAHR lah bee-thee-KLEH-tah FWEH-rah dehl tah-YEHR, por fah-VOHR

This card lets your brain practice complex spatial coordination while maintaining a polite conversational tone. It strings together:
The Hypothetical Proposal: Launching with the conditional helper verb podríamos (we could).
The Fused Spatial Finish: Navigating cleanly through the feminine noun (la bicicleta), the external preposition (fuera de), and executing the masculine article contraction (del taller) before locking it all in with por favor.


es_text: ¿Puede repetir?
en_text: Can you repeat?
source_context: U0
tags: d1
gender: Female
notes:
Grammar Note: Uses the formal Usted present-tense conjugation of your helper verb poder (notice the o to ue shift in puede), followed immediately by the raw infinitive repetir.


es_text: La tableta está allá.
en_text: The tablet is over there.
source_context: U0
tags: d2
gender: Female
notes:
Grammar Note: Uses está (from estar) to track physical location in space, paired with your distant indicator allá.


es_text: La tableta está debajo del libro.
en_text: The tablet is underneath the book.
source_context: U0
tags: d3
gender: Female
notes:
This card reinforces a critical mechanical contrast against your earlier layout cards:
Feminine to Masculine Path: Your subject here is strictly feminine (la tableta), but you are mapping it relative to a masculine target (el libro).
The "Del" Contraction Trigger: Because the target noun is masculine, your brain must execute the smooth contraction rule: de + el instantly condenses into del libro. This gives you excellent practice toggling the contraction reflex depending entirely on where the item lands!


es_text: No, quiero otra opción; podríamos viajar en autobús, por favor.
en_text: No, I want another option; we could travel by bus, please.
source_context: U5
tags: d3
gender: Female
notes:
Pronunciation: noh, KYEH-roh OH-trah ohp-SYOHN; poh-DREE-ah-mohs byah-HAHR ehn ow-toh-BOOSS, por fah-VOHR

This advanced structural card weaves together several distinct tracking tools you've mastered:
Feminine Pronoun Agreement: It introduces la opción (the option). Because nouns ending in -ción are strictly feminine, it perfectly triggers your feminine modifier otra (otra opción).
The Collaborative Proposal: It shifts gears mid-sentence from a personal desire (quiero) into a polite, collective conditional proposal (podríamos) before anchoring the whole transit plan with por favor.


es_text: Viajar en avión
en_text: To travel by airplane
source_context: U0
tags: d1
gender: Female
notes:
This transit phrase follows the exact mechanical blueprint used for public transportation:
Viajar (To travel): The raw, unconjugated dictionary form of the verb (the infinitive). It is a regular -ar verb.
en (by / in): Just like traveling by bus (en autobús), Spanish automatically employs the preposition en to mean "by" when naming any vehicular mode of transport.
avión (airplane):
Gender: Masculine
The Article: El (El avión)
The Suffix Rule: This noun ends in the suffix -ón. In Spanish, nouns ending in -ón (like avión, estación, camión) are highly predictable—though keep in mind that while avión and camión are masculine, abstract or structural words ending in -ción (like estación or opción) are feminine.
The Accent Rule: The written accent mark on the ó is mandatory because the word ends in the letter n and the vocal emphasis punches the final syllable.
Gender Neutrality: Because the phrase is anchored by an infinitive verb, it functions completely gender-neutrally.


es_text: Podríamos viajar en avión.
en_text: We could travel by airplane.
tags: d2
gender: Female
notes:
Grammar Note: Uses the conditional "we" form of your helper verb (podríamos), which immediately freezes the secondary action verb viajar in its raw infinitive form.


es_text: Podríamos viajar en avión a la playa, por favor.
en_text: We could travel by airplane to the beach, please.
tags: d3
gender: Female
notes:
This card lets your brain practice fluid spatial and transit transitions:
The Directional Anchor (a): It introduces the simple preposition a (to/toward) to set your destination.
No Contraction Flow: Because your destination is la playa (strictly feminine), the preposition a stands completely separate from the article: a la playa. This helps reinforce the clean break before a feminine target, contrasting beautifully against your masculine shortcuts!


es_text: Es un desafío
en_text: It's a challenge
tags: d1
gender: Female
notes:
Es un reto

Both reto and desafío mean "challenge," and they are completely interchangeable in this context. Here is how the mechanics line up:
Es (It is): This is the third-person singular present tense of the verb ser (to be). In Spanish, when you state what something is inherently (defining a situation, object, or concept), you use ser rather than estar. The pronoun "it" is built directly into the verb, so you don't use a separate word for "it."
un (a/an): This is the masculine singular indefinite article. It matches the gender of the noun perfectly.
reto / desafío (challenge):
Gender: Both words are masculine.
The Blueprint Rule: Both nouns end in the letter -o, making them highly predictable masculine targets.


es_text: Viajar en avión es un reto.
en_text: To travel by airplane is a challenge.
tags: d2
gender: Female
notes:
Grammar Note: Demonstrates how a raw infinitive verb phrase (viajar en avión) can act as the singular subject of a sentence, perfectly anchoring to the verb es.


es_text: Quiero viajar en avión, pero es un reto encontrar un vuelo.
en_text: I want to travel by airplane, but it's a challenge to find a flight.
tags: d2
gender: Female
notes:
Pronunciation: KYEH-roh byah-HAHR ehn ah-BYOHN, PEH-roh ehss oon RREH-toh ehn-kohn-TRAHR oon BWEH-loh


es_text: Mucho trabajo
en_text: A lot of work
tags: d1
gender: Female
notes:
Grammar Note: Masculine singular agreement. It pairs perfectly with trabajo (work), which is a predictable masculine noun ending in -o.


es_text: Hay mucho trabajo en la estación.
en_text: There is a lot of work at the station.
tags: d2
gender: Female
notes:
Grammar Note: Introduces hay (there is / there are). Notice that mucho stays masculine singular to match trabajo, while the prepositional target la estación remains strictly feminine.


es_text: Viajar en avión es un reto porque hay muchos vuelos.
en_text: To travel by airplane is a challenge because there are many flights.
tags: d3
gender: Female
notes:
Pronunciation: byah-HAHR ehn ah-BYOHN ehss oon RREH-toh pohr-keh eye MOO-chohss BWEH-lohss

This card gives your brain an excellent workout in plural masculine tracking:
Porque (Because): Introduces a critical logical connector (porque) to join a situation to its cause.
Pluralization Shift: Your brain must scale the masculine noun un vuelo up to its plural form muchos vuelos. Notice how both the modifier (muchos) and the noun (vuelos) smoothly take on the -os suffix to maintain perfect grammatical harmony!


es_text: Mucho gusto
en_text: Nice to meet you
tags: d1
gender: Female
notes:
While English uses a full descriptive phrase ("It is nice to meet you"), Spanish relies on an elegant noun-based shorthand:
Literal Meaning: It literally translates to "Much pleasure" or "A lot of pleasure".
The Component Parts:
Mucho: A masculine singular adjective meaning "much" or "a lot of".
Gusto: A masculine singular noun meaning "pleasure", "taste", or "delight" (el gusto).
Gender Neutrality: Because this is a fixed idiomatic greeting, it functions completely gender-neutrally. It stays exactly the same whether a man or a woman is speaking, and regardless of whom they are addressing.
The Formal Alternative: If you want a more literal or formal option (often used in professional or academic circles), you can use Encantado (if you are male) or Encantada (if you are female), which means "Delighted to meet you". However, Mucho gusto is universally safe, polite, and standard everywhere.


es_text: No entiendo.
en_text: I don't understand.
tags: d1
gender: Female
notes:
Pronunciation
No entiendo: > noh ehn-TYEHN-doh
Note: Blend the "ie" smoothly into a single syllable (like the English word yell).

The Grammar & System Breakdown
Both verbs are widely used and completely interchangeable for expressing a lack of comprehension. Here is how the mechanics function:
No (Not / Don't): In Spanish, negating a sentence is straightforward. You simply place the word no directly before the conjugated verb.
entiendo (I understand): This comes from the high-frequency verb entender (to understand). It is an -er verb.
The Stem-Changing Trap (E ➜ IE): Entender undergoes a stem change in the present tense. The root e changes to an ie in the yo form: yo entiendo.
comprendo (I understand): This comes from the verb comprender (to comprehend/understand). It is a regular -er verb and does not have a stem change: yo comprendo.
The Dropped Pronoun: The yo (I) pronoun is omitted because the verb endings (-o) specifically signal that "I" am the subject.
Gender: Because these are verb conjugations, they are completely gender-neutral. They remain identical whether spoken by a man or a woman.


es_text: ¿Dónde vives? ¿Está cerca de la estación?
en_text: Where do you live? Is it near the station?
tags: d2
gender: Female
notes:
Grammar Note: Introduces cerca de (near). Because la estación is feminine, the preposition de does not contract. It also uses está to refer to the location of the home.


es_text: Te presento a María. Mucho gusto, María. ¿Dónde vives? ¿Está cerca de la playa?
en_text: This is Maria. Nice to meet you, Maria. Where do you live? Is it near the beach?
tags: d3
gender: Female
notes:
Pronunciation: teh preh-SEHN-toh ah mah-REE-ah. MOO-choh GOOSS-toh, mah-REE-ah. ¿DOHN-deh BEE-behs? ¿ehss-TAH THEHR-kah deh lah PLAH-yah?*
(Note: cerca is pronounced with a "th" sound in Spain, or an "s" sound in Latin America: SEHR-kah).
This card brings together a highly realistic social introduction, your courtesy anchor, and a spatial inquiry. Your brain practice:
Direct Dialogue Flow: Moving from introducing someone (Te presento a...), greeting them (Mucho gusto), and immediately transitioning into an active conversation starter (¿Dónde vives?).
No Contraction Reinforcement: You are navigating toward la playa (feminine), keeping cerca de la playa completely uncontracted.


es_text: ¿De dónde eres? ¿Y dónde vives?
en_text: Where are you from? And where do you live?
source_context: U1
tags: d2
gender: Female
notes:
Grammar Note: Connects two vital personal questions using y (and). Both verbs are conjugated in the informal tú form (eres and vives).


es_text: Te presento a María. Mucho gusto, María. ¿De dónde eres?
en_text: This is Maria. Nice to meet you, Maria. Where are you from?
source_context: U1
tags: d3
gender: Female
notes:
Pronunciation: teh preh-SEHN-toh ah mah-REE-ah. MOO-choh GOOSS-toh, mah-REE-ah. ¿deh DOHN-deh EH-rehs?

This card acts as a perfect conversational sequence when meeting someone new in a social setting:
The Personal "A" Marker: You practice the smooth transition of introducing a female peer (Te presento a María).
The Icebreaker Chain: You offer a polite welcome (Mucho gusto) and immediately transition into a natural, friendly question about her background (¿De dónde eres?).


es_text: Te presento a mi compañera de trabajo, María. Mucho gusto, María. ¿De dónde eres?
en_text: This is my coworker Maria. Nice to meet you, Maria. Where are you from?
tags: d3
gender: Female
notes:
This card simulates a flawless, professional-turned-social introduction:
Possessive & Gender Alignment: You practice modifying the feminine introduction with mi compañera de trabajo to accurately introduce Maria.
Conversational Chain: It moves seamlessly from a structured workplace introduction, through a polite greeting, and straight into a natural, friendly icebreaker (¿De dónde eres?).


es_text: Quiero viajar en avión, pero es un reto encontrar un vuelo.
en_text: I want to travel by airplane, but it's a challenge to find a flight.
tags: d3
gender: Female
notes:
By swapping these words, you flip the entire end of the sentence from feminine back to masculine. Your brain no longer has to toggle genders at the finish line:
Old: ...encontrar una opción (Feminine)
New: ...encontrar un vuelo (Masculine — matches un reto and en avión)


es_text: ¿Cómo estás hoy?
en_text: How are you today?
tags: d1
gender: Female
notes:
The Grammar & System Breakdown
This everyday greeting is a fantastic showcase of how Spanish dynamically tracks temporary states and time:
cómo (how): The question word for "how." Because it is inside an active question, it must take a written accent mark on the first o.
estás (you are): This is the informal tú (you) conjugation of the verb estar (to be).
Why estar? In Spanish, you use estar instead of ser for emotional states, physical health, and current feelings, because these conditions are variable and temporary.
The Accent Rule: The written accent on the á is mandatory to differentiate it from words like estas (meaning "these" feminine items).
hoy (today): The adverb meaning "today." In Spanish, the letter h is always completely silent, so you do not pronounce it at all.
Gender Neutrality: Because the sentence relies entirely on a verb conjugation and a time adverb, it functions completely gender-neutrally. It remains exactly the same whether you are speaking to a man or a woman.
Pronunciation
¿DOHM-oh ehss-TAHSS oy?
Note: Remember to leave the h in hoy completely silent—it sounds exactly like the English word "oy" (as in boy).
Grammar Note: Uses the informal tú form of estar with the mandatory written accent marks.


es_text: ¿Cómo estás hoy? Podríamos viajar en autobús.
en_text: How are you today? We could travel by bus.
tags: d2
gender: Female
notes:
Grammar Note: Transitions from checking on someone's mood or status directly into your collaborative conditional proposal (podríamos).


es_text: Te presento a mi compañera de trabajo, María. ¿Cómo estás hoy, María? ¿De dónde eres?
en_text: This is my coworker Maria. How are you today, Maria? Where are you from?
tags: d3
gender: Female
notes:
Pronunciation: teh preh-SEHN-toh ah mee kohm-pah-NYEH-rah deh trah-BAH-hoh, mah-REE-ah. ¿KOH-moh ehss-TAHSS oy, mah-REE-ah? ¿deh DOHN-deh EH-rehs?

This card forms a highly natural dialogue sequence when welcoming a colleague into a workspace or meeting:
Professional to Personal: You practice launching a human introduction using your feminine workplace noun (mi compañera de trabajo).
The Double Icebreaker: You instantly anchor the connection with a warm check-in (¿Cómo estás hoy?) before pivoting to a broader question about her origin (¿De dónde eres?), keeping the entire sequence fluid and informal.


en_text: Hablar conjugates
tags: TestHTML
gender: Female
es_text:
<meta sound-off> <table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 8px 0; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #F8F9F9; border: 1px solid #D5D8DC; border-radius: 6px; overflow: hidden;"> <thead> <tr style="background-color: #2C3E50; color: #FFFFFF;"> <th style="padding: 8px 12px; text-align: left; border-bottom: 2px solid #1A252F;">Subject Pronoun</th> <th style="padding: 8px 12px; text-align: left; border-bottom: 2px solid #1A252F;">Conjugation (Hablar)</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid #E5E7E9;"> <td style="padding: 6px 12px; color: #566573;">(yo)</td> <td style="padding: 6px 12px;">habl<span style="color: #E74C3C; font-weight: bold;">o</span></td> </tr> <tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid #E5E7E9;"> <td style="padding: 6px 12px; color: #566573;">(tú, vos)</td> <td style="padding: 6px 12px;">habl<span style="color: #E74C3C; font-weight: bold;">as</span></td> </tr> <tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid #E5E7E9;"> <td style="padding: 6px 12px; color: #566573;">(él / ella, usted)</td> <td style="padding: 6px 12px;">habl<span style="color: #E74C3C; font-weight: bold;">a</span></td> </tr> <tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid #E5E7E9;"> <td style="padding: 6px 12px; color: #566573;">(nosotros/as)</td> <td style="padding: 6px 12px;">habl<span style="color: #E74C3C; font-weight: bold;">amos</span></td> </tr> <tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid #E5E7E9;"> <td style="padding: 6px 12px; color: #566573;">(vosotros/as)</td> <td style="padding: 6px 12px;">habl<span style="color: #E74C3C; font-weight: bold;">áis</span></td> </tr> <tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid #E5E7E9;"> <td style="padding: 6px 12px; color: #566573;">(ellos/as, ustedes)</td> <td style="padding: 6px 12px;">habl<span style="color: #E74C3C; font-weight: bold;">an</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <meta sound-on> <div style="font-size: 13px; color: #7F8C8D; font-style: italic; margin-top: 6px; text-align: center;"> (él / ella, usted) habla, nosotros hablamos, vosotros habláis, ellos hablan </div>


