# translations

deck_name: General
notes:
1. Meaning
It is a noun that means "last name" or "surname."
2. Grammar Breakdown
Part of Speech: Noun.
Gender: Masculine.
Number: Singular.
Because it is a masculine singular noun, it pairs with masculine articles and pronouns:
With a definite article ("the"): el apellido (the last name)
With an indefinite article ("a"): un apellido (a last name)
With a possessive pronoun ("my"): mi apellido (my last name)
Plural Form:
To make it plural, simply add an -s to the end because it ends in a vowel:
los apellidos (the last names)


deck_name: General
notes:
This is proper noun
Demonym (Nationality):
A male from Argentina is argentino.
A female from Argentina is argentina.


deck_name: General
notes:
Here is a quick profile of this verb:
The Base (Infinitive): Pronunciar (meaning "to pronounce").
The Verb Group: It belongs to the -ar group, which is the first and largest conjugation group in Spanish.
The Stem: If you chop off the -ar ending, you get the stem pronunci-.


deck_name: General
notes:
The Grammar Breakdown
En is a preposition. In English, we have distinct words for location based on whether something is inside or on top of something else (in vs. on). Spanish simplifies this by using en for both scenarios. Context tells you which one it means.
Here are the three primary ways you will see it used:
A. Meaning "In" or "Inside" (Location)
When you are talking about being inside a country, city, room, or building.
Vivo en Australia. (I live in Australia.)
El libro está en la mochila. (The book is in the backpack.)
B. Meaning "On" or "On top of" (Surface Location)
When something is resting on a surface.
El ordenador está en la mesa. (The computer is on the table.)
Está en la página 35. (It is on page 35.) 
C. Meaning "By" (Modes of Transportation)
When you talk about how you travel, Spanish uses en where English uses "by."
Viajar en tren. (To travel by train.)
Viajar en autobús. (To travel by bus.)


deck_name: General
notes:
The Spanish "Distance" Trick
Spanish is unique because it has three different ways to say "this" or "that" depending on how close the object is to you and the person you are talking to:
Este = This one (Right here near me).
Ese = That one (Over there near you, or just a short distance away).
Aquel = That one way over there (Far away from both of us).
So, when you use ese, you are usually pointing to something that is within arm's reach of the person you are talking to, or just slightly out of your own personal space.


deck_name: General
notes:
A. "Lo siento" (I'm sorry)
While we use it as a fixed phrase for "I'm sorry," the literal grammatical translation is actually "I feel it."
lo: This is a direct object pronoun meaning "it." It represents the situation or the mistake you are apologizing for.
siento: This is the verb sentir (to feel), conjugated in the present tense first-person singular (Yo / I form). Sentir is a stem-changing verb where the e changes to ie in the present tense (which is why sentir becomes siento).
Grammar Note: Because the pronoun lo (it) must come before a conjugated verb in Spanish, the word order looks backward to an English speaker ("It I feel").
B. "Londres" (London)
This is simply the proper Spanish noun for the city of London.
In Spanish grammar, many major world cities have their own historical, translated names (e.g., London becomes Londres, England becomes Inglaterra, and Scotland becomes Escocia).
How it compares to "Lo siento"
If you ever want to say "I am sorry for [something]," you generally add the word por after lo siento. For example:
Lo siento por el error. (I'm sorry for the mistake.)
But when you are speaking directly to a person—or humorously apologizing to a whole city—you just use a comma, exactly like you did: "Lo siento, Londres."


deck_name: General
notes:
Masculine Singular
In grammar terms, otro can act as either a demonstrative adjective (describing a noun) or a pronoun (standing in for a noun).
Because it is an adjective, it must match the gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) of the noun it is connected to. Otro is the masculine, singular form.
Here are its four variations:
Form
Gender / Number
Example
English Translation
Otro
Masculine Singular
Otro ejercicio
Another / Other exercise
Otra
Feminine Singular
Otra página
Another / Other page
Otros
Masculine Plural
Otros verbos
Other verbs
Otras
Feminine Plural
Otras frases
Other phrases

The Golden Rule: Drop "Un"
One of the most common mistakes English speakers make is trying to translate "another" literally by saying "un otro" (a + other).
In Spanish grammar, you never put an article (un/una) before otro/otra. The word otro inherently means "another" all by itself.
Incorrect: Quiero un otro libro.
Correct: Quiero otro libro. (I want another book.)
A Handy Classroom Phrase
If you want to ask your teacher for a different example or a new task during your lesson, you can use it like this:
"¿Podemos hacer otro ejercicio?" (Can we do another exercise?)


deck_name: General
notes:
Phonetic Breakdown
mahss eh-hehr-SEE-syohss
Let’s look at each word syllable by syllable:
más $\rightarrow$ mahss
The a is short and open, like the "ah" sound in "father." The accent mark just means you hit this word with a little more volume.
ejercicios $\rightarrow$ eh - hehr - SEE - syohss
e- $\rightarrow$ eh: Sounds like the "e" in the English word "met" or "egg."
-jer- $\rightarrow$ hehr: The Spanish j sounds like a strong English H (like in "home").
-ci- $\rightarrow$ SEE: The letter c followed by an i sounds like an S. This is the stressed syllable, so give it the most emphasis.
-cios $\rightarrow$ syohss: The o is a short, crisp "oh" sound (don't let it drag out into a "w" sound at the end).
Three Tips for Natural Delivery
Keep the "R" Light: The r in ejercicios is a single, quick tap of the tongue against the roof of the mouth. It shouldn't be a heavy, rolling "R," nor should it be a deep American "R." Think of it more like the quick "d" sound in the middle of the English word "butter."
Watch the "J": Remember that in Spanish, J is never pronounced like the "J" in juice. It's always an H sound.
Connect the Flow: In natural speech, native speakers will glide right through the words, making the s at the end of más link smoothly into the e of ejercicios. It ends up sounding almost like one continuous line: "mahss-eh-hehr-SEE-syohss."
Give it a few tries out loud—it’s a great phrase to practice that Spanish J and C combination!


deck_name: General
notes:
Porque (Because)
Because it is a single, flat word, the natural rules of Spanish pronunciation take over. For words ending in a vowel, the stress naturally falls on the second-to-last syllable.
The Rhythm: LOUD-short
Sounds like: POR-keh
The voice hits the first part of the word and then trails off softly on the end.


deck_name: General
notes:
Because it is two separate words, both words get a bit of weight, but the heavy emphasis lands squarely on the final syllable.
The Rhythm: short-LOUD
Sounds like: por-KAY?
When you say it, your voice punches that last syllable, often lifting slightly in pitch because it's a question.


deck_name: General
notes:
En is a preposition. In English, we have distinct words for location based on whether something is inside or on top of something else (in vs. on). Spanish simplifies this by using en for both scenarios. Context tells you which one it means.
Here are the three primary ways you will see it used:


deck_name: General
notes:
A. "Lo siento" (I'm sorry)
While we use it as a fixed phrase for "I'm sorry," the literal grammatical translation is actually "I feel it."
lo: This is a direct object pronoun meaning "it." It represents the situation or the mistake you are apologizing for.
siento: This is the verb sentir (to feel), conjugated in the present tense first-person singular (Yo / I form). Sentir is a stem-changing verb where the e changes to ie in the present tense (which is why sentir becomes siento).
Grammar Note: Because the pronoun lo (it) must come before a conjugated verb in Spanish, the word order looks backward to an English speaker ("It I feel").
B. "Londres" (London)
This is simply the proper Spanish noun for the city of London.
In Spanish grammar, many major world cities have their own historical, translated names (e.g., London becomes Londres, England becomes Inglaterra, and Scotland becomes Escocia).


